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 THE BENCHMARKS FOR ACTION IN PRISON REFORM: THE UNITED NATIONS STANDARDS AND NORMS

Key among standards and norms that relate directly to prison reform are:

 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners

 Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention and Imprisonment

 Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners

 United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (Tokyo Rules)

 United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Noncustodial Measures for Women Offenders (Bangkok Rules)

Other UN instruments relevant to the prison system:

 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

 The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

 Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners

 UN Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women  Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials

 Basic Principles on the use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement

Officials

 Safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty

 UN Recommendations on Life Imprisonment

 Basic principles on the use of restorative justice programs in criminal matters

 Kampala Declaration on Prison Conditions in Africa

 Arusha Declaration on Good Prison Practice

 ii) Institutional and non-institutional treatment